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One dimensional nanostructured materials
One dimensional nanostructured materials (The second in Top 25 Hottest Articles in Materials Science, April - June 2007, Elsevier)|iT vfS;^
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Progress in Materials Science, 1 July 2007, Pages 699-913 (215 Pages)(Ax5[#n%v"|3y
Kuchibhatla, S.V.N.T.; Karakoti, A.S.; Bera, D.; Seal, S.
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Abstract
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The quest for materials with molecular scale properties that can satisfy the demands of the 21stv6``2_ s;l&nb
century has led to the development of one dimensional nanostructures, ODNS. Nearly, every class
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of traditional material has an ODNS counterpart. ODNS has a profound impact in nanoelectronics,
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nanodevices and systems, nanocomposite materials, alternative energy resources and national security.]&C9]
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The interface of nanoscience and technology with biological and therapeutic sciences is expected
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to radically improve the ability to provide efficient treatments in otherwise impossible situations. Ironically,
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the huge investment in the past few years across the globe is yet to bring the real benefit of nanotechnology8x4H5KH
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in day to day life. While scientists and engineers are working towards this goal, concernszIP|(Rik
about the possible harmful effects of the high aspect ratio materials are increasing every day. Following
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is an effort to assimilate most of the aforementioned aspects including the entire gamut of ODNS,
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i.e., elements, ceramics, polymers and composites, with a brief discussion on CNT and toxicology.
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The focus of this article is mainly on the science behind the synthesis and properties of the ODNS
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rather than the device fabrication. However, a few challenges in the field of device fabrication areg,Uk\/N8I
mentioned in appropriate contexts. Possible mechanisms of the ODNS evolution from various methods,1wkd#u'~Q
such as vapor liquid solid (VLS), template based and electrochemically induced growth, have }m@3V ^~
been discussed in detail. Electron microscopy analysis has received special focus in determining the unique structural features. The article concludes by discussing current research related to environment6tp EXWdzzH
and toxicology effects and current challenges in this rapidly evolving field.
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Contents)wK%W$g/Ql6\W:V;D_.H
1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706
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1.1. Fundamentals of nanostructured materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706j tS
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1.1.1. Significance of nanostructured materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7069Z7bw3?9Oy+h8s
1.1.2. Structural aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707e-ySL+V
1.1.3. Electronic properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708k8E ~8w|7VZ b;wf
1.1.4. Medicine and biosciences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708
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1.1.5. Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708i2hkU
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1.1.6. Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709
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1.2. One dimensional nanostructured materials (ODNS). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710
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1.2.1. Synthesis and fabrication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711
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1.2.2. Properties and applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712
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1.2.3. Sensing applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713
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1.2.4. Photochemical and photophysical properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716
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2. 1 Elemental ODNS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7173x!PC,F!?:k p
2.1. Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717R~$HD+yx
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2.2. Synthesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718
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2.2.1. Template-based synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718
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2.2.2. Laser ablation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723