nanoquebec 2006-12-13 10:38
Teeth and bones: applications of surface science to dental materials
[b]Teeth and bones: applications of surface science to dental materials and related biomaterials[/b] ^An}*tj1o
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F. H. JonesCorresponding Author Contact Information, E-mail The Corresponding Author
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Department of Biomaterials, The Eastman Dental Institute for Oral Health Care Sciences, University College London, University of London, 256, Gray’s Inn Road, London WC1X 8LD, UK:T-P n
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[b]Surface Science Reports[/b], Volume [b]42[/b], Issues 3-5 , May 2001, Pages 75-205; doi:10.1016/S0167-5729(00)00011-X0]l+~1_"h i8WO)K
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Recent years have seen a considerable upsurge in publications concerning the surface structure and chemistry of materials with biological or biomedical applications. Within the body, gas–solid interactions become relatively less significant and solid–liquid or solid–solid interfaces dominate, providing new challenges for the surface scientist. The current paper aims to provide a timely review of the use of surface analysis and modification techniques within the biomaterials field. A broad overview of applications in a number of related areas is given with particular attention focusing on those materials commonly encountered in dentistry and oral or maxillofacial implantology. Several specific issues of current interest are discussed. The interaction between synthetic and natural solids, both in the oral environment and elsewhere in the body is important in terms of adhesion, related stresses and strains and ultimately the longevity of a dental restoration, biomedical implant, or indeed the surrounding tissue. Exposure to body fluids, of course, can also affect stability, leading to the degradation or corrosion of materials within the body. Whilst this could potentially be harmful, e.g., if cytotoxic elements are released, it may alternatively provide a route to the preferential release of beneficial substances. Furthermore, in some cases, the controlled disintegration of a biomaterial is desirable, allowing the removal of an implant, e.g., without the need for further surgery. The presence of cells in the immediate bioenvironment additionally complicates the situation. A considerable amount of current research activity is targeted at the development of coatings or surface treatments to encourage tissue growth. If this is to be achieved by stimulating enhanced cell productivity, determination of the relationship between cell function and surface composition is essential.
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[b]Article Outline[/b]
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1. Introduction~P.r e%Xx|+wq
2. Dentistry and oral surfaces
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2.1. Introduction
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2.2. Teeth/B,R afu#`Q^ l q
2.3. Surface studies of tooth tissues
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2.4. Caries1I-zVim:UMYP$~)b9fq*{
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2.4.1. Dissolution and demineralisation
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2.4.2. Fluoride and remineralisation#Z:Qrh2j&}m.q
2.4.3. The effect of other species kujo,y+w"{Y
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2.4.3.1. Anions-l$Y?:E P&d w;h
2.4.3.2. Cations
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2.4.3.3. Organic species
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2.5. Bacteria u \.y:F{
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2.5.1. Adhesion and biofilms
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2.5.2. Prevention of oral biofilms
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2.6. Restorative materials
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2.6.1. Types and applications
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2.6.2. The interface with natural materials: controlling the bonding
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2.6.3. Degradation and ion release: controlling the environment4C,]3g8v ],J
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3. Implanted interfaces
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3.1. Introduction
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3.2. Titanium as an implant material3C%zAYBW5x%I
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3.2.1. Background and applications}0j+m;| C8J2qc
3.2.2. Titanium and its oxidesJ b1AWr7zY
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3.2.2.1. The (1 1 0) surface oc^@\{5FI)Vd-u
3.2.2.2. Other surfaces
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3.2.2.3. Reduction, Ti mobility and defects
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3.2.2.4. Anatase
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3.2.3. Oxidised titanium for implant applications2\Ua.\Ig
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3.3. Interactions with water
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3.3.1. UHV studies
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3.3.1.1. Titanium and TiO2 in water3h;t,g.Xxy2JC$U
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3.4. Inorganic species, adsorption and precipitation)RI5w K%nRS3Y!}E
3.5. Biomolecules, adsorption and reaction
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3.5.1. In vitro studies+[L't!P$ydan]{
3.5.2. In vitro studies of titanium surfaces
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3.5.3. Adsorption in UHV3bQ:Y7Mqg py
3.5.4. The effect on mineralisations5E9i;L&|?
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3.6. Interactions with cells,N1N9t@ t0i F
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3.6.1. Biological processes and assessment
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3.6.2. Bacteria on implant surfaces
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3.7. Long-term response
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3.8. The effect of surface topography
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3.9. The effect of surface chemistry3E&Bz9h
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3.9.1. Impurities q~)l
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3.9.2. Sterilisationq8r/b-S:`(^
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3.9.3. Modification for enhanced phosphate deposition&qD8iB g0La
3.9.4. Modification for enhanced biomolecule adsorption
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3.9.5. Protein- and cell-resistant surfacesK&l7Jkb;{0o
3.9.6. Ion implantation$S
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3.9.7. Coatings$Y1|Kp X t8P)S
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3.10. Other biomaterials
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3.10.1. Alloys and other metals
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3.10.2. Polymers
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3.10.3. Ceramics-S Ys/l"Q6x/D} r
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References
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The idealised crystal structure of hydroxyapatite, viewed along the [i]c[/i]-axis. ,J
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AFM images showing nucleation and growth of hydroxyapatite frompseudo-physiological solution: (a) HA seed surface prior to growth; (b)after 10 min in solution; (c) after 2 h; (d) after 24 h.t5e~2fAK.KO
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Core-level X-ray photoelectron spectra from the surface of [i]E. coli.[/i] Reproduced with permission from Fig. 1 of Ref. [[url=http://www.sciencedirect.com.login.ezproxy.library.ualberta.ca/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TVY-42VM8Y3-1&_user=1067472&_coverDate=05%2F31%2F2001&_rdoc=1&_fmt=summary&_orig=browse&_srch=%23toc%235547%232001%23999579996%23245104%21&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000051251&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=1067472&md5=49151c30a5cb1077ed5c8d3700e63d44#bib219]219[/url]].Copyright © 1994, Elsevier Science. (a) C1s, peaks correspond to carbonatoms linked to C or H (1), a single oxygen or nitrogen atom (2) andtwo singly bonded or one doubly bonded oxygen atom (3). Carboxylategroup carbon atoms appear as a weak feature around 289 eV (4); (b) O1s,peaks correspond to double bonded oxygen in carboxyl, carboxylate,ester, carbonyl or amide groups (1) and alcohol, acetal or hemiacetalgroups (2); (c) N1s, the main peak corresponds to nitrogen in amine oramide groups (1) while the small shoulder to higher BE is attributed toprotonated carbon (2).y
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The O1s X-ray photoemission peak from an as-received, oxide-covered titanium sample. Reproduced with permission from Fig. 1 of Ref. [457]. Copyright © 1999, The Electrochemical Society, Inc.
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[[i] 本帖最后由 nanoquebec 于 2006-12-12 21:43 编辑 [/i]]